THE CANADIAN RULE BOOK FOR TACKLE FOOTBALL  

RULE 6 -PASSING

SECTION 1. LATERAL OR ONSIDE PASS 

A Lateral or Onside Pass is one thrown, handed, knocked, batted, kicked or fumbled by a player parallel to or in the direction of his own dead line. 

The point of termination is that point at which the ball is caught, strikes another player, an official, or the ground, or goes out of bounds, and it is the factor which determines whether it is a lateral pass, regardless of the direction in which it goes afterwards. 

A lateral pass striking the ground is not dead, and may be recovered legally by either team. 

When a lateral pass goes out of bounds, without being touched by a player after the pass is made, the ball shall be put into play at the hash mark at the out of bounds point, or at the point of origin of the pass, whichever is closer to the dead line of the team entitled to possession. 

SECTION 2. HAND OFF PASS 

A Hand Off Pass is made on a scrimmage play, when the ball is handed in any direction but not thrown, by one team A player to another, behind the line of scrimmage. 

The player receiving the pass must not at that point be occupying the position of a lineman. 

There are no restrictions on the number of hand off passes on any one play. 

A hand off pass in a forward direction is illegal following a completed Forward Pass. 

SECTION 3. OFFSIDE PASS 

Article 1 – Definition  

An Offside Pass is not defined as a foul.  It is made when the ball is handed, thrown, a loose ball is kicked, or the ball is directed in any manner, in the direction of the opponents’ dead line.  A pass shall be ruled as an offside pass if the point of termination is closer to the opponent’s dead line than the point of origin of the pass. 

Article 2 – Illegal Recovery  

A player who is offside may receive or recover an offside pass, subject to penalty. 

Penalty: Next scrimmage at point of origin of offside pass.  

Article 3 – General Occurrence of Offside Pass  

An Offside Pass generally occurs in the following situations: 

(1)    on a scrimmage play, a Team A player makes an offside pass after he has crossed the line of scrimmage. 

(2)    after a change of possession (e.g. punt runback, fumble recovery, intercepted pass) a player makes an offside
         pass.      

(3)    in attempting to complete a forward pass, a Team A eligible receiver tips, deflects, knocks, or bats the ball in an
        offside direction where it is caught by a Team A ineligible receiver. 

Penalty:  Next scrimmage at point of origin of offside pass, and downs continue, unless the required distance
                has been gained at that point.
 

Article 4 – Legal Situations  

An offside pass does NOT occur in the following situations: 

(1)               on a scrimmage play before the ball has crossed the line of scrimmage, a Team A player throws an offside pass – rule as a forward pass. 

(2)                in attempting to complete a forward pass, Team A eligible receiver tips, deflects, knocks, or bats the ball in an offside direction, where it is caught by another Team A eligible receiver. 

(3)                in attempting to intercept a forward pass, a Team B player tips, deflects, knocks or bats the ball in an offside direction where it is caught by another Team B player. 

(4)               on a scrimmage play, Team A passer crosses the line of scrimmage and throws what is obviously intended to be forward pass, in the opinion of the Referee; this shall be ruled as an illegal forward pass. 

Penalty:  for (4)  1.2.3D – L10 DR  
            
   Convert – L10 DR
 

Article 5 – Legal Recovery  

An offside pass may be legally recovered without penalty in the following situations: 

(1)              a ball fumbled forward by a ball carrier, by a player attempting to catch a kicked ball, by a player attempting to intercept a lateral or offside pass, may be recovered by any player. 

(2)               a kick which is blocked in an offside direction may be recovered by any player.

(3)               a dribbled ball in an offside direction may be recovered by the kicker, or any teammate who is onside when the ball is kicked. 

(4)               a loose ball that is knocked or batted in an offside direction by a player attempting to recover the ball, may be recovered by any player. 

(5)               an offside pass may be recovered by any opponent. 

(6)               an offside pass which strikes an opponent may be recovered by any player. 

Article 6 – Fumbled to Out of Bounds  

When a ball is fumbled forward from the field of play directly to out of bounds, the ball shall be scrimmaged at the point of origin of the offside pass and downs continue, unless the required distance is gained at that point.  This applies whether the out-of-bounds spot is in the field of play or the end zone. 

Article 7 – Fumbled into End Zone  

A ball fumbled forward by Team A into the Team B end zone, which is recovered by Team B, shall be ruled as an intercepted forward pass (Rule 6, Section 4. Article 11(a).) 

Article 8 – Thrown Forward

A ball which is thrown in an offside direction may not be recovered legally by the throwing team, unless it meets the requirements of a forward pass (Rule 6 Section 4, Article 1)  The ball may be recovered legally by the defending team. 

Penalty:  Next scrimmage at point of origin of offside pass, and downs continue, unless the required distance is
                gained at that point.
 

Article 9 – Offside Pass from the End Zon

(1)               If Team A makes an offside pass in it’s own end zone, and retains possession, Team B shall be awarded 2 points or option. 

(2)               If Team B makes an offside pass in its own end zone and retains possession:

            a)      After receiving a Team A kick, Team A shall be awarded 1 point or option.
            b)      While intercepting or after intercepting a Team A forward pass, Team B shall scrimmage at any point between
                   the hash marks on its own 10 yard line, or a PBD (Team A option). No score. 

(3)                If the ball is fumbled by Team A from the end zone to out of bounds in the field of play without touching an opponent
1.2D  -  Team B has the choice of 2 options
         1.   2 points for safety touch
         2.  Allow A to scrimmage on the hash mark at the out of bounds spot. Downs continue.
  
3D   -  Team B has the choice of 2 options:
         1.    2 points for safety touch.
         2.    1st down for B on the hash mark at the out of bounds spot. 

NOTE:   A fumble from the end zone to out of bounds in the field of play, when the ball does not touch an
               opponent, is an offside pass in the end zone, since the point of termination is closer to the opponents
                dead line than the point of the pass

SECTION 4. FORWARD PASS 

Article 1 – Definition  

A forward pass is one which is thrown by any Team A player from behind the line of scrimmage toward the Team B dead line, to any eligible receiver.  The ball shall not touch the ground, goal post assembly, an official, or go out of bounds.  A forward pass is illegal after a change of possession by either team. 

If Team B gains possession from a fumble, blocked kick, etc., and subsequently loses possession again to Team A, a forward pass by either team is illegal. 

The ball is considered to be in the possession of Team A until the pass is ruled complete or incomplete, or the ball becomes dead, or it is caught by Team B. 

Article 2 – Number of Forward Passes  

A forward pass shall be thrown once only on each down.  A second forward pass on the same down shall be penalized.

Penalty:  1.2.3D – L10 DR
               
Convert – L10 DR
 

Article 3 – Passer  

The pass may be thrown by any Team A player who is behind the line of scrimmage when he throws the ball.  The passer need not be the first player to receive the ball from the centre. 

Article 4 – Eligible Receivers  

The following players are eligible receivers: 

(a)       The player at each end of the scrimmage line at the snap, wearing numbers 1-39 or 70-99. 

(b)        Players clearly back of the scrimmage line at the snap, wearing numbers 1-39 or 70-99. 

(c)         All players of Team B, whether or not the pass is legally thrown. 

(d)          All players of Team A, if the ball is touched by a B player AFTER the forward pass has crossed the line of
         scrimmage or is touched by a Team A eligible receiver (may be subject to an offside pass).  The touching of the
         forward pass by a B player BEFORE it crosses the line of scrimmage does not change the eligibility of Team A
         players to legally complete the pass. 

Article 5 – Ineligible Receivers  

Players of Team A wearing numbers 40-69 are ineligible receivers, regardless of what position they take in the line or behind the line. 

(a)     An ineligible receiver shall not be the first player of Team A to catch the ball or touch the ball in an attempt to catch it, 
       before the ball has been touched by any eligible receiver. 

Penalty:  1.2D – L10 DR,  3D DG – L10 DR, DNG – LB PLS or PBD.  

(b)  An ineligible receiver shall not go downfield beyond the neutral zone, unless they make contact with an opponent in the neutral and maintain this contact as they move downfield. 

Penalty:  1.2.3D – L10 PLS DR.  

Article 6 – Completed Forward Pass  

A player is inbounds if one foot is touching the playing field inbounds, and neither the player nor the other foot is out of bounds, even though that foot may step out of bounds after possession is gained; or if a player is in the air, at least one foot comes down inbounds, before the player touches out of bounds (Subject to item (d) of this article). 

A forward pass is complete if it is caught inbounds as follows: 

(a)       When caught by a Team A eligible receiver, or simultaneously by two or more Team A eligible receivers. 

(b)        When caught by a Team B player, or simultaneously by two or more Team B players. 

(c)     When caught simultaneously by eligible receivers of both teams, the ball shall be awarded to Team A, even if it has
          been touched previously by Team B. 
                                                   

(d)     When an eligible receiver catches a pass while off the ground, inbounds, but is tackled or contacted by an opponent
          so that he lands out of bounds, the pass shall be ruled complete at the furthest point of advance. 

(e)           When an eligible receiver tips the ball in an offside direction, and it is caught by an ineligible receiver, the forward
          pass is ruled complete at the point where the ball was tipped in the offside direction. 

Article 7 – Incomplete Pass  

A forward pass is incomplete as follows: 

(a)      When the ball touches the ground, goal post assembly, an official, or goes out of bounds, even if previously touched
           by a player.                   

(b)             When an eligible receiver catches a pass while off the ground, inbounds, and lands or outside a boundary line, without being contacted by an opponent. 

(c)       When the pass strikes an ineligible receiver not legally downfield, who makes no effort to catch the ball. 

Penalty:  1.2D – LD, 3D – LB PLS.  

NOTE: In (c) the pass may be intercepted legally by team B, who may retain possession.  

Article 8 – Deliberate Grounding  

(a)        Field of Play 

If the passer in the field of play deliberately throws the ball out of bounds, or to an area where there is no eligible Team A receiver, apparently to avoid a loss of distance, penalize as for an offside pass. 

Penalty: 1.2D – LD AT POP, 3D – LB POP.

(b)       End Zone 

If the passer in the end zone deliberately throws the ball out of bounds, or to an area where there is no eligible Team A receiver, penalize as follows: 

Penalty:  1.2.3D – Safety touch to Team B, or option to decline the score, and accept the play as an incomplete 
    pass.
 

Article 9 – Interference  

(a)                 Team A – Team A players may interfere with an opponent up to the limit of the neutral zone, until the pass has been touched by an eligible receiver, except against a Team B player who is about to intercept the forward pass.  However, Team A players who are carrying out normal blocking tactics to protect the passer shall not be penalized for interference against a team B player who is about to intercept a pass, if the Team A players are unaware that such an interception is imminent (see 6-4-10, Note 2).  After the pass has been touched by an eligible receiver, all a players may legally interfere anywhere within bounds. 

Team A ineligible receivers who make contact in the neutral zone may maintain this contact beyond the neutral zone, otherwise they may not proceed downfield until the ball is thrown. 

(b)                 Team B – Team B players may interfere with Team A players in the neutral zone, and with any Team A player behind the neutral zone who is protecting the passer. 

Team B players occupying positions behind their line may use their hands and arms to defend their position, stationary or in motion, against a Team A player who, as a potential blocker, threatens their defensive position, until the pass has been thrown.  While the ball is in the air, no contact is permissible except as described in (c) following,  These Team B players shall not interfere with a potential pass receiver who is not threatening their defensive positions. 

It is illegal to pursue and contact an eligible pass receiver before the ball has been touched by an eligible receiver, not including being touched by a Team B player who is rushing the passer and who deflects the ball just after the pass is thrown, before it has crossed the line of scrimmage.  After the ball has been touched by an eligible receiver, players of either team may interfere legally. 

Team B players, after B has intercepted a pass, may interfere with Team A players anywhere within bounds, provided that the initial contact is made at or above the waist. 

(c)               Contact between two opponents is legal, provided such contact results from a simultaneous and bonafide attempt to play the ball, which occurs at the spot of possible completion of a pass, where each player is intent on playing the ball; where such contact is unavoidable and incidental to the effort involved in  attempting to catch or bat the ball, and where each player is in an equally favorable position to play the ball.  A player who is not looking at, or for, the ball, cannot be considered to be playing the ball.  A player cannot drive “through” an opponent to reach the ball.  Even if he reaches the ball, such prior contact is illegal.  Defensive players have equal right to the path of the ball as eligible A receivers. 

(d)               Screening – Waving the hands or arms or “face guarding” in close proximity to a potential pass receiver is illegal interference.

  Article 10 – Illegal Interference Penalties  

(a)        Illegal interference is interference with an eligible receiver in the target area, or interference which prevents an eligible receiver from reaching the target area, when there is a reasonable expectation that the receiver would have had the opportunity to attempt to complete the pass. 

NOTE 1:    Pass interference shall not be penalized if, in the judgement of the official, the ball is clearly
 
                  uncatchable.

NOTE 2:    Pass interference behind the line of scrimmage must be interference against a player to whom the
                                    ball is thrown, or a player who is attempting to catch the pass.

NOTE 3:    Pass interference occurs only after the ball has been thrown

Penalty:    
               
1.    By Team A – 1.2.3D – L15 DR  
                2.        By Team B –  
                        a) Behind the line of scrimmage – 1D at PLS  
                        b) Across the line of scrimmage –  
                             -1D at PF if less than 15 yards in advance of the PLS  
                             -1D plus 15 from the PLS, if the PF is more than 15 yards in advance of PLS 
                 3.        Convert  
                        Foul by Team A – option to Team B  
                        (a)     Successful attempt 

                               -L15 PLS, repeat convert, OR 
                              
-Repeat convert at PLS.  Apply penalty – L15 on kick off 

                         
(b)  Unsuccessful attempt 

                               - Apply penalty – L15 on kick off
 

                         Foul by Team B – option to Team A 
                         (a)      Successful attempt  

                                 - Accept score. Apply penalty – L15 on kick off  

                         
(b)   Unsuccessful attempt  
                           
     - Repeat convert a B 1 yard line, irrespective of PF, or PLS  

                    
     OR - Repeat convert at PLS. Apply penalty – L15 on kick off
 

NOTE 1:  The normal restrictions near the goal line do not apply to illegal interference on a forward pass, and
 
               the full amount of the yardage shall be applied, The 15 yard penalty applied from the 16 yard line, or
                 between the 16 yard line and the 1 yard line, will  place the ball on the 1 yard line.
 

NOTE 2: The non-offending team may decline the penalty to allow the down to be used, and the ball returned
                                to the PLS, if the pass is incomplete.
 

(b)   Illegal Contact with an Eligible Receiver
       When there is an obvious passing situation, any interference with an eligible receiver is illegal except as stated in Article
       9. Even if the ball is not thrown, such illegal contact will still be penalized. 

      Penalty:  1.2.3D – L10 PLS  

Article 11 – Interception in the End Zone 

(a)               A ball fumbled forward by A into the Team B end zone, which is recovered by B, shall be ruled as an intercepted pass. 

(b)               If a player intercepts a forward pass in the field of play while moving toward his goal line, and in the judgment of the official, his momentum carries him into the end zone, possession is deemed to have been gained in the end zone. 

(c)                When Team B intercepts a pass in the end zone: 

1.      Team B players may interfere anywhere within bounds in the attempt to advance the ball, provided the initial contact is made at or above the waist.  If B fumbles the ball in this attempt, Team A may recover the ball legally.  If Team A does not recover the fumbled ball, but only touches it, and it then goes out of bounds in the end zone, the last touching by A has no effect, and Team B will scrimmage at any point between the hash marks on B 10 yard line, with no score. 

2.      If the ball goes dead in possession of B in the end zone, there is no score.  B shall scrimmage at any point between the hash marks on the B 10 yard line. 

3.       If Team B commits a foul in the end zone, or the field of play, while the ball is in the end zone, the penalty shall be applied from the 10-yard line or option. 

4.      If Team A commits a foul in the end zone, or on the field of play, while the ball is in the end zone, Team B shall be awarded 1 D at any point between the hash marks on the 10 yard line. 

5.      If the foul in 3 or 4 above is Unnecessary Roughness, Rough Play, Objectionable Conduct or No Mouthguard, the penalty shall be applied from the 10 yard line, or from the PBD at the option of the non-offending team. 

Article 12 – Miscellaneous  

(a)               Fumble – it is not a forward pass if the ball is clearly fumbled or batted in an offside direction from behind the line of scrimmage. 

(b)               Pass or Fumble – When the passer, with the ball in his possession, is contacted before he has initiated his attempt to pass, and the ball is dropped, it shall be ruled as a fumble.  If he has initiated his attempt to pass, with his arm starting in a forward motion, and he is contacted, and the ball is dropped, it shall be ruled as an incomplete pass. 

(c)               Broken Play – When a play starts as an obvious running play, and the ball carrier elects to throw a forward pass, all rulings applicable to a forward pass play shall apply – e.g. ineligible receivers may not proceed downfield before the ball is thrown, forward pass interference restrictions apply, etc.